Izisongelo ezingabonakaliyo, fumana umbulali ongabonakaliyo emanzini

Umlindi Okrelekrele, Umthombo Wobomi

Ngenxa yokukhawuleziswa kophuhliso lwemizi-mveliso kunye nokukhula kwezixeko, ukukhutshwa kwamanzi amdaka kubangele ungcoliseko olukhulu kwindalo yamanzi kunye nemithombo yamanzi. Amanzi amdaka emizi-mveliso anganyangwanga okanye anganyangwanga kakuhle kunye namanzi amdaka asekhaya aqulethe inani elikhulu lezinto eziyingozi, ezifana neentsimbi ezinzima, ungcoliseko lweekhemikhali kunye neentsholongwane. Ezi zinto azitshabalalisi nje kuphela ulungelelwaniso lwendalo yamanzi, nto leyo ekhokelela ekukhuleni kwamanzi amaninzi kunye nokunciphisa iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kodwa zisongela ukhuseleko lwemithombo yamanzi okusela, zithintela uphuhliso oluzinzileyo lwezolimo, ukuloba kunye nemizi-mveliso, kwaye zonyusa iindleko zolawulo loluntu kunye nokubuyiselwa kwendalo. Ke ngoko, ukuqinisa amanyathelo okubeka esweni kunye nokuthintela ungcoliseko lwamanzi kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqinisekiseni ukhuseleko lwemithombo yamanzi, ukugcina imeko-bume yendalo kunye nozinzo loluntu..

ISICELO

01 Ukubeka esweni umgangatho wamanzi amdaka

Indawo yokukhupha amanzi amdaka yindlela ethe ngqo yokungena kwamanzi amdaka kwimithombo yamanzi yendalo. Ke ngoko, ukujonga ngokungqongqo umgangatho wamanzi kwindawo yokukhupha amanzi yindlela ephambili yokulawula imithombo yongcoliseko nokuqinisekisa umgangatho wamanzi amdaka asezantsi. Ukubeka esweni amanzi amdaka kudla ngokujolisa kwiindawo ezikhupha amanzi amdaka njengezityalo zokunyanga amanzi amdaka ezidolophini, iindawo ezikhupha amanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso, kunye neendawo ezikhupha amanzi emvula. Ngokubeka esweni rhoqo okanye ngokuqhubekayo, kunokwenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukuba umgangatho wamanzi amdaka uyahlangabezana nemigangatho yesizwe okanye yengingqi, kwaye kubonwe ngokukhawuleza kwaye kulungiswe ukukhutshwa kwamanzi amdaka amdaka.

• Imfuno ye-oksijini yekhemikhali (i-COD): sisalathisi esibalulekileyo sokulinganisa umxholo wezinto eziphilayo emanzini.
• Imfuno ye-oksijini yebhayoloji (i-BOD): ibonisa ubungakanani bezinto eziphilayo ezinokubola emanzini.
• I-Ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N): Ivavanya uxinano lweekhompawundi zenitrogen emanzini. Ubuninzi obugqithisileyo bunokubangela ukuqina kwemizimba yamanzi.
• I-phosphorus iyonke (TP): Njenge-ammonia nitrogen, i-phosphorus egqithisileyo inokubangela i-eutrophication kwimizimba yamanzi.
• Izinto eziqinileyo ezixutyiweyo (SS): Zibonisa izinto eziqinileyo ezinganyibilikiyo emanzini, ezifana nesanti, amasuntswana ezinto eziphilayo, njl.
• Ixabiso le-pH: Lilinganisa i-pH yamanzi. Ukuba iphezulu kakhulu okanye iphantsi kakhulu kuya kuchaphazela ukusinda kwezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini.
• Ioksijini enyibilikisiweyo (DO): Ibalulekile ekugcineni indalo yasemanzini, i-DO ephantsi inokukhokelela ekubulaweni kweentlanzi.

02. Ukujonga umgangatho wamanzi phezulu nasezantsi kwemilambo

Imilambo yeyona ithwala amanzi angaphezulu komhlaba, kwaye iimeko zomgangatho wamanzi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezisezantsi nezisezantsi zibonisa ngokuthe ngqo imeko yongcoliseko kwisitya. Umgangatho wamanzi angasentla umisela ukhuseleko lwamanzi kwiindawo ezisezantsi; ngelixa umgangatho wamanzi angasentla ubonakalisa ngokupheleleyo umthwalo wongcoliseko wesitya sonke. Ngokujonga ixesha elide iindawo ezininzi ezisezantsi nezisezantsi komlambo, ububanzi kunye nobungakanani bempembelelo yemithombo yongcoliseko bunokuvavanywa, kubonelela ngesiseko sesayensi sokuqulunqa amaqhinga olawulo lwemithombo yamanzi afanelekileyo kunye nokukhusela.

• Iiparameters zomgangatho wamanzi eziqhelekileyo: kuquka ixabiso le-pH, ubushushu, ukuhanjiswa kwamandla, ioksijini enyibilikisiweyo (DO), ukufuma, njl. Ezi parameters zinokuqonda ngokukhawuleza iipropati zomzimba nezekhemikhali zomzimba wamanzi.
• Iityuwa zesondlo: ezifana ne-ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N), i-nitrate (NO₃), i-nitrite (NO₂), kunye ne-phosphorus iyonke (TP), ezisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya umngcipheko wokwanda kwe-eutrophication kwimizimba yamanzi.
• Izinto ezingcolisayo eziphilayo: ezifana nemfuno ye-oksijini yamakhemikhali (i-COD) kunye nemfuno ye-oksijini yamakhemikhali (i-BOD), ezisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya inqanaba longcoliseko lwezinto eziphilayo.

03 Ukubeka iliso kumgangatho wamanzi echibini nakwidama

Amachibi kunye namachibi okugcina amanzi acocekileyo abalulekile nje kuphela kodwa akwangumthombo ophambili wamanzi okusela kwiindawo ezininzi zasezidolophini nasemaphandleni. Ngenxa yokuba evaliwe, xa sele engcolisiwe, ukubuyiselwa kwimeko yesiqhelo kunzima. Ke ngoko, kufuneka ukulandelwa nokubekwa esweni komgangatho wamanzi kwezi ndawo zamanzi ixesha elide, kujongwe ngokukodwa imiba efana nokungcola kwamanzi kunye nongcoliseko lwesinyithi esinzima. Ukongeza, umgangatho wamanzi kumachibi nakwiindawo zamanzi utshintsha kancinci, kodwa xa wonakala, unokuba nefuthe elide kwiinkqubo zendalo nakwimpilo yabantu.

• Iityuwa zesondlo: ezifana ne-ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N), i-nitrate (NO₃), i-nitrite (NO₂), kunye ne-phosphorus iyonke (TP), ezisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya umngcipheko wokwanda kwe-eutrophication kwimizimba yamanzi.
• Ukucaca: Ngokulinganisa ukucaca kwamanzi, inani le-turbidity kunye ne-algae emanzini linokuvavanywa ngokungathanga ngqo.
• Ioksijini enyibilikisiweyo (DO): Ibalulekile ekugcineni indalo ephilayo emanzini, ingakumbi xa amaqondo obushushu aphezulu ehlotyeni. Ioksijini enyibilikisiweyo ephantsi inokubangela ukufa kweentlanzi. Ixabiso le-pH: Lilinganisa i-pH yamanzi. Iphezulu kakhulu okanye iphantsi kakhulu iya kuchaphazela ukusinda kwezidalwa zasemanzini.
• Izinto ezingcolisayo eziphilayo: ezifana nemfuno ye-oksijini yamakhemikhali (i-COD) kunye nemfuno ye-oksijini yamakhemikhali (i-BOD), ezisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya inqanaba longcoliseko lwezinto eziphilayo.

04 Ukubeka iliso kumgangatho wamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba

Njengomthombo wamanzi obalulekileyo ofihlakeleyo, amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba adlala indima engenakutshintshwa ekugcineni ulungelelwano lwendalo kunye nokuhlangabezana neemfuno zamanzi abantu. Nangona kunjalo, amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba asengozini yokungcoliswa zizichumisi zezolimo, ukuvuza kwezibulali-zinambuzane, ukuvuza kwamanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso kunye nezinye izinto. Ngenxa yesantya esicothayo sokuhlaziywa kwamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba, xa sele engcolisiwe, ukubuyiselwa kwimeko yesiqhelo kunzima kakhulu. Ke ngoko, ukujonga umgangatho wamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba ixesha elide kunokubonelela ngesilumkiso kwangethuba malunga neengozi zongcoliseko olunokubakho kwaye kukhusele olu mthombo uxabisekileyo.

• Iiparamitha zomgangatho wamanzi eziqhelekileyo: kuquka ixabiso le-pH, ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi, ukuchithwa kwamanzi (DO), ubushushu, njl.njl., ezisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya iipropati ezisisiseko zomzimba nezekhemikhali zamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba.
• Iityuwa zesondlo: ezifana ne-ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N), i-nitrate (NO₃), i-nitrite (NO₂), kunye ne-phosphorus iyonke (TP), ezisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ukuba amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba angcoliswe yimithombo yezolimo engeyiyo inqaku.
• Iimetali ezinzima: ezifana nelothe, i-mercury, i-cadmium, i-chromium, njl.njl., ingakumbi kwiindawo ezichaphazeleka yimisebenzi yemizi-mveliso.
• Iikhompawundi ze-organic eziguquguqukayo (ii-VOC): ezifana ne-benzene, i-toluene, i-xylene, njl.njl., zihlala zibonakala kufutshane ne-petrochemical, imveliso ye-elektroniki kunye namanye amashishini.
• Iikhompawundi ze-organic eziguquguqukayo (ii-SVOC): Ezifana nee-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (ii-PAHS), ii-polychlorinated biphenyls (ii-PCB), njl. Ezi zinto zizinzile kwimeko-bume kwaye kunzima ukuzitshabalalisa.

Ukuqokelelwa kunye nokudluliselwa

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuchaneka nokusebenza ngexesha langempela kokujonga ungcoliseko lomgangatho wamanzi, kufuneka kusetyenziswe izinzwa zomgangatho wamanzi ezingenazingcingo. I-Mingkong isebenzisa izinzwa ezichanekileyo kakhulu ukulinganisa iiparameter zomgangatho wamanzi (ezifana ne-COD, i-BOD, i-ammonia nitrogen, i-phosphorus iyonke, njl.njl.) ezijikeleze indawo yokuphuma okanye amathambeka aphezulu nasezantsi omlambo. (iintsimbi ezinzima, njl.njl.), ezi zixhobo zixhasa iindlela ezintathu zonxibelelwano zeNetcom 4G okanye i-NB zokufikelela kwidatha yokujonga kwiqonga lokujonga ngenethiwekhi engenazingcingo ye-4G okanye ye-NB, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iqonga lokujonga kunye nabasebenzisi beselula banokufumana ulwazi oluchanekileyo lomgangatho wamanzi ngexesha elifanelekileyo, ukuze kulawulwe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye kubonelelwe ngesiseko esiqinileyo sokwenza izigqibo.

Ukubaluleka kolwakhiwo

1. Ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwemithombo yamanzi

Ukubeka esweni ngokwenene umgangatho wamanzi kwinkqubo yokukhupha amanzi kuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwemithombo yamanzi okusela, kukhusela impilo yoluntu kwaye kuthintela ukusasazeka kwezifo.

2. Khuthaza ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo

Ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa komoya ongcolileyo, ukuphucula umgangatho wamanzi, ukukhusela indalo yasemanzini, kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wendalo yasezidolophini.

3. Ukuphucula amandla okuphendula ngexesha likaxakeka

Lumkisa ngokukhawuleza ngeengxakeko zokusingqongileyo, unike inkxaso yedatha ngexesha langempela, kwaye uncede amasebe afanelekileyo ukuba athathe amanyathelo asebenzayo ngokukhawuleza.

4. Ukuphucula inqanaba lolawulo lwedolophu

Ukubeka iliso ngobuchule kunceda ulawulo oluchanekileyo, kuphucula ukwabiwa kwezixhobo, kuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kolawulo, kwaye kunciphisa iindleko zokulawula ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo.

Amatyala angaphambili

Iprojekthi yokujonga umgangatho wamanzi amdaka ezibhedlele zasezidolophini
Le projekthi ikwiSixeko saseYancheng, kwiPhondo laseJiangsu. Ijonga kakhulu umgangatho wamanzi amdaka asesibhedlele. Amanzi amdaka asesibhedlele aqulethe izinto ezahlukeneyo eziyingozi (ezifana neentsalela zamayeza, iintsholongwane, njl.njl.), ezibeka umngcipheko kwindalo esingqongileyo nakwimpilo yabantu. Qinisekisa ukuba ukubekwa esweni kokukhutshwa kwamanzi amdaka esibhedlele ngexesha langempela, ukubona nokusingatha iimeko ezingaqhelekanga ngexesha elifanelekileyo, ukuqonda ukuboniswa nokuhlaziywa kwedatha ngexesha langempela ngeqonga lokubeka esweni, kunye nokuxhasa ukuqikelela intsingiselo kunye nee-alamu ezingaqhelekanga.

Sinamathela “kwindlela yokuphila” yesixeko kwaye siqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwemithombo yamanzi okusela ngokubeka esweni umgangatho wamanzi ngexesha langempela, ngelixa sinciphisa ukukhutshwa komoya ongcolileyo, sikhusela iinkqubo zemvelo zasemanzini, kwaye sikhuthaza ukukhuselwa kwendalo. Ulawulo olukrelekrele lwenkqubo yokubeka esweni luphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kolawulo lwedolophu, luphucula ukwabiwa kwezixhobo, luphucula amandla okuphendula ngokukhawuleza kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo zendalo, luphucula ukuqina kwedolophu, kwaye lufezekisa izicwangciso zexesha elide zophuhliso oluzinzileyo.